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          TypeScript实用类型
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        <p>面试被问到partial，一脸懵逼。<code>TypeScript</code>标准库自带了一些实用类型。这些实用类都是方便接口<code>Interface</code>使用。这里只列举几个常用的，更多实用类型<a href="https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/utility-types.html">官网</a></p>
<span id="more"></span>

<h3 id="1-Exclude"><a href="#1-Exclude" class="headerlink" title="1. Exclude"></a>1. Exclude</h3><p>从一个类型中排除另一个类型，只能是<strong>联合类型</strong>，从<code>TypesTest</code>类型中排除<code>UtilityLast</code>类型。</p>
<p><strong>适用于：并集类型</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityFirst &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityLast &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    age: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> TypesTest = UtilityFirst | UtilityLast;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> ObjJson: Exclude&lt;TypesTest, UtilityLast&gt; = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="string">&quot;前端娱乐圈&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="2-Extract"><a href="#2-Extract" class="headerlink" title="2. Extract"></a>2. Extract</h3><p><code>Extract</code>正好跟上面那个相反，这是选择某一个可赋值的<strong>联合类型</strong>，从<code>TypesTest</code>类型中只选择<code>UtilityLast</code>类型。</p>
<p><strong>适用于：并集类型</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityFirst &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityLast &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    age: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> TypesTest = UtilityFirst | UtilityLast;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> ObjJson: Extract&lt;TypesTest, UtilityLast&gt; = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    age: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="3-Readonly"><a href="#3-Readonly" class="headerlink" title="3. Readonly"></a>3. Readonly</h3><p>把数组或对象的所有属性值转换为只读的。这里只演示一下对象栗子，数组同样的写法。</p>
<p><strong>适用于：对象、数组</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityFirst &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> ObjJson: Readonly&lt;UtilityFirst&gt; = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="string">&quot;前端娱乐圈&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">ObjJson.name = <span class="string">&quot;蛙人&quot;</span>; <span class="comment">// 报错 只读状态</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="4-Partial"><a href="#4-Partial" class="headerlink" title="4. Partial"></a>4. Partial</h3><p>把对象的所有属性设置为选的。我们知道<code>interface</code>只要不设置<code>?</code>修饰符，那么对象都是必选的。这个实用类可以将属性全部转换为可选的。</p>
<p><strong>适用于：对象</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityFirst &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> ObjJson: Partial&lt;UtilityFirst&gt; = &#123;&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="5-Pick"><a href="#5-Pick" class="headerlink" title="5. Pick"></a>5. Pick</h3><p>Pick选择对象类型中的部分<code>key</code>值，提取出来。第一个参数<code>目标值</code>，第二个参数<strong>联合</strong><code>key</code></p>
<p><strong>适用于：对象</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityFirst &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    age: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    hobby: [];</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> ObjJson: Pick&lt;UtilityFirst, <span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span> | <span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span>&gt; = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="string">&quot;前端娱乐圈&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    age: <span class="number">18</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="6-Omit"><a href="#6-Omit" class="headerlink" title="6. Omit"></a>6. Omit</h3><p>Omit选择对象类型中的部分<code>key</code>值，过滤掉。第一个参数<code>目标值</code>，第二个参数<strong>联合</strong><code>key</code></p>
<p><strong>适用于：对象</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityFirst &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    age: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    hobby: <span class="built_in">string</span>[];</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> ObjJson: Pick&lt;UtilityFirst, <span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span> | <span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span>&gt; = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    hobby: [<span class="string">&quot;code&quot;</span>, <span class="string">&quot;羽毛球&quot;</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="7-Required"><a href="#7-Required" class="headerlink" title="7. Required"></a>7. Required</h3><p><code>Required</code>把对象所有可选属性转换成必选属性。</p>
<p><strong>适用于：对象</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> UtilityFirst &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name?: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    age?: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    hobby?: <span class="built_in">string</span>[];</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> ObjJson: Required&lt;UtilityFirst&gt; = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="string">&quot;蛙人&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    age: <span class="number">18</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    hobby: [<span class="string">&quot;code&quot;</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="8-Record"><a href="#8-Record" class="headerlink" title="8. Record"></a>8. Record</h3><p>创建一个对象结果集，第一个参数则是<code>key</code>值，第二个参数则是<code>value</code>值。规定我们只能创建这里面字段值。</p>
<p><strong>适用于：对象</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> IndexList = <span class="number">0</span> | <span class="number">1</span> | <span class="number">2</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> ObjJson: Record&lt;IndexList, <span class="string">&quot;前端娱乐圈&quot;</span>&gt; = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="number">0</span>: <span class="string">&quot;前端娱乐圈&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="number">1</span>: <span class="string">&quot;前端娱乐圈&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="number">2</span>: <span class="string">&quot;前端娱乐圈&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


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